Tag Archives: Henry Dreyfuss

Meet you at the Met

Metropolitan Museum

Metropolitan Museum on a rainy day (photo: dreamstime.com)

It was a cool and drizzly day when we headed on our journey to the Metropolitan Museum of Art to meet up with friends.  With many special functions going on, we concentrated on the Berenice Abbott Exhibit.

Man Ray portrait of Berenice Abbott, 1921.

1921 portrait of Berenice Abbott by Man Ray. Image from the Museum of Modern Art Archives.

Berenice Alice Abbott (1898 – 1991) was an American photographer who documented 1930’s urban New York.  Born Bernice Abbott, she briefly attended Ohio State University before leaving in early 1918 and moving to New York City. In NY, Bernice studied sculpture and painting. Looking to improve her skills, she travelled to Paris in 1921 and studied sculpture with Emile Bourdelle. It was while in Paris that she adopted the French spelling “Berenice”.

In Paris (1923), the famous photographer, Man Ray, was seeking a darkroom assistant, someone with no previous knowledge of photography. Willing to take on a challenge, Abbott applied for the position and was hired.

Abbott wrote:

“I took to photography like a duck to water. I never wanted to do anything else.” 

Taken by her skills, he allowed her to use his studio to take her own photos. Abbott’s subjects were people in the artistic and literary worlds, French nationals, and casual visitors.

James Joyce portrait photograph of James Joyce. From the collection of the Met.

Berenice Abbott portrait of James Joyce (1926). Image from the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

In 1925, Man Ray introduced her to the photographic works of Eugène Atget. Meeting Atget, she persuaded him to sit for a portrait in 1927. He died shortly thereafter and Abbott acquired the prints and negatives remaining in Eugène Atget’s studio at his death in 1927.

Berenice visited New York City in early 1929 and saw the potential that could be captured by photography. By September of the same year, she closed her Paris studio and moved back to New York City.

Over the next decade, she documented the ever-changing landscape of the city as it became a modern metropolis. Her work is a historical record of many now-destroyed buildings and neighborhoods in Manhattan.

Album page showing the Brooklyn Bridge and lower Manhattan.

Abbott’s album showing the Brooklyn Bridge and lower Manhattan. Photo by the authors.

Another album page showing the 59th Street 9th Ave El Station and the waterfront.

Another page from Berenice’s 1929 photo album of New York City, showing the 9th Avenue El Station and the NYC waterfront. Photo by the authors.

Changing New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc.

The culmination of Abbott’s 1930s New York City photographs, Changing New York, 1939, published by E.P. Dutton & Company, Inc. Photo by the authors.

Moving from the Berenice Abbott exhibit, we moved to the Modern and Contemporary Art.

On our way to Gallery 912 (Abstraction), we came across some treasures of Modern America paintings from the 1920s – 1940s. The most impressive, in our opinion, is America Today (1930 – 1931). This massive mural by Thomas Hart Benton (1889 – 1975). Benton, commissioned by the New School for Social Research to paint a mural for the board room of their new building on West 12th Street, designed by Joseph Urban. Even though created at the onset of The Great Depression, the mural, consisting of ten panels, showcasing American industry from the rural South to the industrialized North projects hope and promise. The video below tells the story of the mural’s fascinating history and how it ended up in the Met’s collection.

 

America Today, by Thomas Hart Benton at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Chris taking in the “Instruments of Power” panel of Thomas Hart Benton’s massive mural America Today at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Photo by the authors.

In addition to America Today, there were three paintings from the interwar period that caught our eye. In chronological order the first was, Edison Mazda (1924), by Stuart Davis (1892 – 1964). Clearly inspired by the cubist works of Pablo Picasso and George Barque, with its use of collage-like composition and flattened space. The artwork of Davis’ has also been describes as proto pop art, with his use of bold and brash colors.

 

Edison Mazda by Stuart Davis.

Edison Mazda (1924) by Stuart Davis. Photo by the authors.

The second painting, Georgia O’Keeffe’s (1887 – 1986) The East River from the Shelton Hotel (1928) is the view O’Keeffe had from her apartment window on the 30th floor of the Shelton Hotel. Anthony, being more of a city guy, is fonder of her city scapes than her series of flowers. He loves the way she captures the particular bleak feel of the East River water front and Long Island City on a winter’s day.

The East River from the Shelton Hotel (1928) by Georgia O'Keeffe. In the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Georgia O’Keeffe’s East River from the Shelton Hotel (1928). Photo by the authors.

And then there’s Let My People Go (circa 1935) by Aaron Douglas (1899 – 1979). Douglas, a major graphic artist and muralist of the Harlem Renaissance during the 1920s and 1930s, visually interprets the biblical story of God’s order to Moses to lead the Israelites out of Egypt, in his flat, silhouetted style.

 

Aaron Douglas' painting Let My People Go.

Let My People Go (circa 1935) by Aaron Douglas. Photo by the authors.

While the Berenice Abbott exhibition was the major draw to visit the Metropolitan, their collection of Ruba Rombic glassware were more must see items. This Cubist inspired glass, designed by Reuben Haley (1872 – 1933) in 1928 is one of our favorite.

 

Ruba Rombic glassware.

Some of the Metropolitan’s collection of Consolidated Glass Company’s Ruba Rombic glassware. Photo by the authors.

The four pieces (out of seven) on display are, (from left to right) the Whiskey Glass, 10 oz. Tumbler, 9 oz. Tumbler and the Jug, all in the pieces displayed are in Consolidated Glass’ cased, silver color.

Found in Gallery 912 – Abstraction, along with Ruba Rombic, is this group of iconic 1920s and 1930s design. I hate to say it but this “gallery” almost seems like an after thought, off to the side and tucked away,  practically underneath a staircase.

Iconic industrial design itmes.

From left to right, Birtman electric toaster, Sparton Bluebird (Model 566) Radio, and Westclox’s 1938 “Big Ben” alarm clock. Photo by the authors.

The Birtman Toaster from 1932 (with a window in it so you watch the bread turning brown) and Westclox 1938 version of the “”Big Ben” alarm clock are both designs by Henry Dreyfuss (1904 – 1972). And Sparton’s Bluebird radio is a famous piece created by Walter Dorwin Teaque (1883 – 1960).

Light court of the American Wing at the Met.

Light court of the American Wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Photo by the authors.

Our final stop was the American Wing.  Set on two balconies surrounding a large light court were examples of early American silver, glass, and ceramics.

Silver Charger by The Kalo Shop, 1937, on display in the American Wing of the Met.

Charger made by The Kalo Shop in Chicago, Illinois, circa 1937. Photo by the authors.

"Our America" series by Rockwell Kent for Vernon Kilns.

“Our America” pottery series by Rockwell Kent for Vernon Kilns, 1939. Photo by the authors.

Prominently featured were glass panels by the Tiffany Studio, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867 – 1959) and George Washington Maher (1864 – 1926) among others.

 

Autumn Landscape, Agnes F. Northrop for the Tiffany Studios.

Autumn Landscape (1923-1924), attributed to Agnes F. Northtrop (1857 – 1953) made by the Tiffany Studios. Photo by the authors.

Deco, not Deco

Deco, or not?

 

Here is a sweet little pitcher. But is it deco?

Deco, or not?

Not!

As stated above, it was designed by Hugh C. Robertson and produced by Chelsea Keramic Art Works between 1880-1889.

These were just the tip of the iceberg of the many wonderful pieces in the Met’s collection. If you are in New York City it is certainly worthwhile to spend a day there.

Anthony & Chris (The Freakin’, Tiquen Guys)

Vanished New York City Art Deco – The Rismont Restaurant and Tea Room & John Vassos

Rismont Restaurant and Tea Room neon sign.

Rismont Restaurant and Tea Room’s neon sign. Image from Pencil Points, December, 1931.

The Rismont Restaurant and Tea Room, on the ground floor of the Bricken Casino Building offered a modernistic setting for a quick bite to eat in the early 1930s. By the late 1920s the Manhattan’s garment industry had encroached upon the theatre district. And the wonderfully Moorish style Casino Theatre standing on the southeast corner of Broadway and 39th Street since 1883 had to go.

 

The Casino Theatre at Broadway and 39th Street.

Casino Theatre in 1900, on the southeast corner of Broadway and 39th Street. Colorized photo from Facebook.

In 1930 the Casino Theatre met the wrecking ball. And up went the Bricken Casino Building (1931). Designed by Ely Jacques Kahn (1884 – 1972) in a stepped back, wedding cake style. The 407 foot, 35 story, black granite, white brick building was typical of the modern mid-sized skyscrapers going up just below Times Square at that time.

 

Ely Jacques Kahn's Bricken Casino Building, circa 1932.

The Bricken Casino Building (center left), circa 1932, Ely Jacques Kahn, architect. Image from the New York Public Library Digital Collections.

In a small portion of the ground floor, along Broadway, the Rismont Restaurant and Tearoom opened up. Original plans called for a restaurant in a traditional style. With restaurant competition being high in that section of town, the new restaurant needed to have an edge. And the person the provide the edge that restaurant would need was artist and industrial designer John Vassos (1898 – 1985).

 

John Vassos, 1929.

John Vassos, 1929. Image from Heritage Auctions.

In the late 1920s and new field started developing in the United States, Industrial Design. And John Vassos was among the members in this new profession that included, Norman Bel Geddes, Gilbert Rhode, Walter Dorwin Teague, Raymond Loewy and Henry Dreyfuss.  Vassos, born in Romania to Greek parents, spent most of his childhood and young adulthood in Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey. During the First World War he served on the side of the Allies and immigrated to the United States in 1919. Settling in Boston, he attended the Fenway Art School and worked as an assistant to Joseph Urban. After moving to New York City in 1924, Vassos set up his own studio.  Here he created window displays for stores such as Saks Fifth Avenue and Wanamaker’s as well as advertisements for Packard Motors Cars.

 

1932 mock up for a Packard Motor Car advertisement by John Vassos.

1932 John Vassos mock up for a Packard Motor Car advertisement. Image from the Smithsonian.

 

Publisher E. P. Dutton hired Vassos in 1927 to do illustrations for an edition of Oscar Wilde’s Salome. These illustration’s are perfect examples of Vassos’ graphic style, bold and somewhat forbidding.

 

 

Vassos, as well as being an artist and industrial designer also had a strong interest in psychology. This led to his 1931 book Phobia in which he illustrated many types of fears people were suffering from in modern life. His wife Ruth wrote the text to accompany his striking pictures.

 

The cover to the 1931 book by Vassos, Phobia.

The cover of Phobia. Image from thornbooks.com.

 

 

And, believe it or not, this interest in psychology influenced Vassos’ design for the Rismont Restaurant and Tea Room.

 

The Rismont Restaurant & Tea Room

 

Nighttime exterior of the Rismont Restaurant and Tea Room.

Exterior photograph of the Rismont. Photograph by Peyser and Patzig, from Pencil Points, December, 1931, Pg. 889.

His psychological interests informed his design for the Rismont. Writing about the Rismont in the architectural magazine, Pencil Points he said this about the exterior:

“As you look from the street  into the restaurant, you get a feeling of space and openness – due to the lighting and the fact that the windows have not been closed in but are clear glass giving full vista of the interior. Human beings, like moths, are attracted by light, so I even went further and put a shaft of light between the front doors” – Pencil Points, December, 1931, Pg. 896.

 

According to Vassos the shape of the space was ugly and difficult. There was no visual interest in the funnel-shaped room. So to create interest Vassos divided the room into three “light sections”. Then he treated the counter and soda fountain as a separate unit.

 

The interior of the Rismont looking toward the rear from the entrance.

Looking toward the rear of the funnel-shaped room from the entrance. Photograph by Peyser and Patzig, from Pencil Points, December, 1931, Pg. 890.

Above the soda fountain counter, Vassos created a “light beam”. Running almost the entire length of the counter, the lights inside were behind opaque glass, diffusing the light and casting no shadows. Also inside this “light beam” Vassos placed the air cooling and purifying system.

 

The lunch counter / soda fountain and "light beam".

The soda fountain and “light beam”. Image from Broadcast News, February, 1934, Pg. 19.

 

For lighting the majority of the room, Vassos employed indirect lighting. On the four structural columns he placed perpendicular troughs of lights. Made of aluminum, the light bulbs inside bounced the light back onto the plaster of the column and not directly into the room. The Indirect lighting turned the solid column into what Vassos called “a shaft of light”.

 

View of the lunch counter and a structural column from just inside the entrance of the Rismont.

Rismont interiror. View from just inside the entrance looking towards the lunch counter. Note the column the aluminum troughs. Photograph by Peyser and Patzig, from Pencil Points, December, 1931, Pg. 891.

 

To divide the small room into three sections, Vassos employed semi-circular aluminum troughs on the ceiling. Filled with bulbs, these troughs cast an even spread of light over the section.

 

Looking toward the rear from the middle of the room.

Looking toward the rear from the middle of the room. This gives a good view of the semi-circular ceiling troughs. Photograph by Peyser and Patzig, from Pencil Points, December, 1931, Pg. 890.

The wall sconces represented a very stylized, modernistic stem, leaf and bud. The dark wood of the candy counter was broken up by two bands of aluminum. And topping off the glass counter Vassos designed two almost futuristic lights. Supported by two metal bars, the frosted glass shade was sandwiched between metal ends and two glass discs.

 

Rismont candy counter and wall detail.

The Rismont candy counter, with detail of counter lamps and wall sconce. Photograph by Peyser and Patzig, from Pencil Points, December, 1931, Pg. 894.

Vassos employed a soothing color scheme inside the restaurant. The overall palette was three shades of beige. A Spanish Rose fabrikoid with black buttons covered the seats. Using three legs, Vassos made the seats comfortable for sitting for short periods of time, this way people would not linger therefore creating more turnover. The black formica top tables rested on three rolled aluminum tube legs.  The benches were a combination of walnut on aluminum bases.

 

Looking towards the entrance and soda fountain.

Looking toward the front of the restaurant. Photograph by Peyser and Patzig, from Pencil Points, December, 1931, Pg. 891.

 

By early May, 1931 the Rismont threw open its doors. And on May 6th, Vassos hosted a party for his friends inside the new restaurant. The reviews in the papers were not what he expected. Beverly Smith wrote this in the New York Herald-Tribune

Designer Lures Literary Folks to Soda Fountain. Invitations Call Post-Modern Parlor Bar and All It Squirts is Tea, Syrup.

In the corridor of a newly-erected skyscraper at 1410 Broadway late yesterday afternoon, a mysterious murmur was heard. There was a rising buzz, the faint sound of crackling laughter. Within, in a post-modernistic setting, more than a hundred authors and critics sat in their chairs, stood at the bar or shouted compliments at each other. Those persons inside were veterans of a hundred literary teas, but when they looked about and saw where they were, there was a natural, human panic. 

They saw, with tragic clearness, for the first time, that they were trapped in a soda fountain. No way out, except a narrow door opening onto Broadway. 

New York Herald-Tribune, May 7, 1931 Pg. 17. 

 

Ten days later the New York Herald-Tribune “Turns With a Bookworm” column featured another less than flattering critique of the restaurant –

This modern art is too much for us . . . We went to a small party given by Dutton’s and John Vassos for a preview of the Rismont tearoom-restaurant because Mr. Vassos designed it. It was all aluminum what-nots and sealing wax upholstery and three-cornered chairs. There was a large eagle ornament on the bar, which we thought was made of glass, and it proved to be ice; and this discovery, combined with the spectacle of Bill Benét sitting on a three-cornered chair not much bigger than a matchbox, so discomposed us that we backed into a freshly painted wall. And a strange but good looking gal fell right off another three-cornered chair with a loud crash . . .

It’s simply not fair what these artists are doing, for we realize at last that they are doing it on purpose, and stand by laughing heartily after they’ve suspended a crystal cake-stand from the ceiling and told us it’s a chandelier. 

New York Herald-Tribune, May 17, 1931 Pg. J15.

 

Front of the Rismont, candy counter and cashier desk.

The Rismont, looking toward the front and the candy counter and cashier desk. Photograph by Peyser and Patzig, from Pencil Points, December, 1931, Pg. 894.

 

A point Vassos made in his article in Pencil Points regarding the need for customer turnover was this –

There was one extremely important thing to be borne in mind. This is probably one of the most expensive restaurants per foot of floor space in the world. And the only way it could be made a paying proposition was to be able to serve a great many people quickly. In other words the place had to be attractive and comfortable, but it had to be so planned that people would not be tempted to lounge. Therefore , the benches are wide enough – but not too wide – and the customer realizes after eating his or her luncheon that the place to smoke one’s cigarette is outside.

Pencil Points, December, 1931, Pg. 896.

 

Unfortunately the Rismont would not be around long. For whatever reason, too much competition, the deepening of the depression or the place was just too small to turn a reasonable profit, by the autumn of 1933 it was gone. The space occupied by the Rismont Restaurant and Tearoom had been replaced by M. Walker and Sons clothiers.

 

Anthony & Chris (The Freakin’ ‘Tiquen Guys)

 

Sources

The New York Herald-Tribune

Pencil Points