Tag Archives: Roxy

Vanished New York City Art Deco: The R-K-O Roxy / Center Theatre. Part 2 Interior & Opening Night.

Click Here For Part 1

Click Here For Part 3

The second installment of Driving For Deco’s series on the R-K-O Roxy Theatre will focus on the interior design and the successful opening of the theatre.

 

R-K-O Roxy marquee detail

R-K-O Roxy, marquee detail. 1932. Motion Picture Herald, January 14, 1933.

The Interior

Donald Deskey spent his last $5,000.00 (the equivalent of $88,085.00 in 2016) to present his ideas for the interior design of the theatres in a limited competition held in the spring of 1932. Deskey plans for the theatres were to be a showcase for the entire range of American modernism.

 

 

With only about six months to complete the interior decoration of the two large theatres, Deskey, turned to Eugene Schoen (1880-1957). Schoen, New York University professor of interior architecture, would be responsible for the interiors for the R-K-O Roxy. Schoen, 1931 recipient of the Architectural League’s Gold Medal for general achievements, helped develop the modern movement in the United States.

 

The Foyer

Like the Radio City Music Hall, one entered the R-K-O Roxy through a relatively low lobby, with three ticket booths. After purchasing tickets one passed under a two-tiered fountain and into the foyer.

R-K-O Roxy Foyer Fountain.

The two-tier fountain with foliage over the foyer entrance. Frame capture from a Pathé newsreel from the Sherman Grinberg Collection.

Dominating the two story foyer were golden walls with a modernistic leaf, vine and grape motif. A large window looked down into this space from the first mezzanine. From here one entered into the Grand Foyer.

 

Entrance Lobby RKO Roxy 1932

The foyer looking towards the Grand Foyer, 1932. Image from Getty Image/New York Historical Society.

 

 

The Grand Foyer

While not as large (158 feet long by 22 feet deep) as the Music Hall’s foyer  it was just as striking. Walter Rendell Story in his New York Times article of December 25, 1932 described the effect of moving from the ticket lobby to the Grand Foyer as “The opulent note of the golden walls and fountains of the entrance become subdued and restful in the silver and brown of the main lobby.” Five 24 feet high windows of opaque, sandblasted Corning Glass faced out onto 49th Street. During the day these windows flooded the lobby with natural light. Framing the windows, curtains of red and champagne colored rough silk hang from the ceiling to the floor.

 

R-K-O Roxy Grand Foyer, 1932

R-K-O Roxy Grand Foyer, featuring Corning Glass windows and chandeliers. 1932. Photo from NYPL Digital Collections.

 

Six molded Steuben Glass and metal, spherical chandeliers hung from the medium blue painted ceiling. Four lights were flush with the ceiling while the other two hung down. Steuben Glass displayed one of these lights in their Fifth Avenue Showroom.

 

 

Steuben Glass Showroom. 1935

R-K-O Roxy lobby chandelier in the Steuben Glass Showroom, 718 Fifth Avenue, 1935. Photo MCNY.org

 

 

Opposite the lobby windows the curved wall followed the line of the mezzanine lounge. Schoen covered the wall in smooth, unbroken wall covering of light hued natural mahogany. Above the wall, at the mezzanine level, vermillion colored leather pillars supported the second and third mezzanines. These pillars were reminiscent of the funnels of an ocean liner. Roxy claimed the inspiration for the pillars were the funnels of the liner Europa. Plum-colored velvet benches with square metal legs and glass inlays lined the 49th Street wall. A carpet of intertwined circles and strips of diagonal black lines and small vermillion squares covered the floor. The massive use of natural materials such as wood and leather gave the foyer a modern Scandinavian flavor.

 

 

R-K-O Roxy wall sconce.

Walter Kantack designed wall sconce for the R-K-O Roxy. Similar floor lamps stood in the Grand Foyer.

 

 

 

Floor lamps designed by Walter Kantack provided additional lighting in the foyer. These tall lamps of black and gold metal with opaque glass wings stood between the frosted glass windows. Similar sconces could be found on the walls between the ticket lobby and the foyer.

 

 

 

 

Silver mask wall sconce. R-K-O Roxy

Walter Kantack and W. A. Welden silver wall sconce modeled by Rene Chambelain. Samuel H. Gottscho photo, 1932. MCNY.org

In collaboration with W. A. Welden, Kantack designed the stairway and corridor wall fixtures. These silver masks, modeled by Rene Chambellan, placed in wall recesses with the light source emanating from behind added an almost surreal touch.

 

 

Above the auditorium doors, metal silhouettes, painted black of classical figures created by Hildreth Meière were inlaid in the curved mahogany wall.

 

Orchestra Door detail.

Leather covered orchestra door showing Hildreth Meière silhouettes above. Irving Browning photo, 1932. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

 

The Grand Lounge

Sub-level floor plan of the R-K-O Roxy.

Floor plan of the sub-level of the R-K-O Roxy. Motion Picture Herald, January 14, 1933.

Stairs down to the Grand Lounge from the Foyer

R-K-O Roxy, stairs from the Foyer down to the Grand Lounge 1932. Photo by Irving Browning. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

 

Grand Lounge Entrance

Entrance to the Grand Lounge from the stairs leading down from the Grand Foyer. 1932 Photo by Irving Browning. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

 

At the far end of the Grand Foyer a staircase led down to the Grand Lounge. Light parchment leather in three-foot squares, with red leather welting between them covered the walls of the staircase and the lounge. A silver ceiling lit by three large gold ceiling disks covered the lounge. Arthur Crisp’s incised and lacquered linoleum mural Sports occupied the principal position on the lounge wall.  Vermillion red, wine red, black and gold were the principal colors of the mural.

 

Sports, Grand Lounge R-K-O Roxy.

Arthur Crisp’s mural Sports in the Grand Lounge of R-K-O Roxy. 1932. Samuel H. Gottscho photo, MCNY.org

 

The same carpeting from the foyer was also the floor covering of the lounge and the stairs leading down to it. Sofas and chairs covered in Chinese vermillion leather and made of South American marnut (light wood) and East Indian rosewood (dark wood) epitomized modern style. The sofas equipped with built in ash receivers and grouped with chairs in a way to permit conversation. Tables with interwoven metal bands for the base employed bakelite tops with colored glass for decorative inlays.

 

The Grand Lounge, 1932.

The Grand Lounge in the basement of the R-K-O Roxy, 1932. Photo from NYPL Digital Collections.

Grand Lounge, 1932

Grand Lounge. R-K-O Roxy. Samuel H. Gottscho photo, MCNY.org

Grand Lounge Ceiling Detail

Grand Lounge ceiling detail. Photo by Irving Browning. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

Corner of the Grand Lounge of the R-K-O Roxy.

Corner of the R-K-O Roxy’s Grand Lounge. Showing arrangement of sofas, chairs and table, with metal and cylindrical glass lamp. Photo from NYPL Digital Collections.

 

The Ladies’ Powder Room

The special Radio City edition of Variety of December 20, 1932 had this to say about the Ladies’ Powder Room:

The entrance from the lounge into ladies’ powder and sitting room is done in serrated planes of silver and gold. At the access of the doorway is a glass pedestal upon which is an abstract sculpture done in chromium metal designed by Isamu Noguchi. 

The vermillion touches of the grand lounge are repeated in the design for the carpeting of blue, with gold and vermillion, for the women’s rooms. The women’s lounge features a mural on glass by Maurice Heaton, commemorating Amelia Earhart’s solo flight across the Atlantic. This decoration, which occupies on wall, is balanced by an expansive mirror on the opposite side, the remainder of the wall space being decorated a chartreuse-lemon color. The walls are covered in chartreuse yellow.

Grand Lounge Ladies Powder Room

The Ladies Powder room off the Grand Lounge. 1932 Irving Browning photo. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

Ladies' Powder Room, R-K-O Roxy. 1932.

Ladies’ Powder Room off the Grand Lounge Chairs upholstered in black and white striped haircloth with a woven gold thread. Image from the Motion Picture Herald, January 14, 1933.

Maurice Heaton's glass mural in the ladies' powder room of the R-K-O Roxy. 1932

Maurice Heaton’s illuminated and painted glass mural celebrating Amelia Earhart’s 1932 solo flight across the Atlantic. R-K-O Roxy ladies’ powder room. Samuel H. Gottscho photo, MCNY.org

The adjoining powder room is covered in silver-woven metallic cloth. Mirrors, arranged in a series of triplex dressing tables, flanking a center full-length panel, occupy the entire breadth and height of the wall. Chairs and stools are upholstered with dark burnt-orange silk. Tables are of silver-toned metal tops.

Adjoining powder room.

Adjoining powder room. Photo from NYPL Digital Collections.

Ladies Powder Room

Adjoining ladies powder room, 1932. Irving Browning Photo. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

Ladies Powder Room, RKO Roxy

Corner detail of Ladies Powder Room off the Grand Lounge, 1932. Irving Browning Photo. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society

The Men’s Smoking Room

The Variety article continues:

In the men’s smoking room is to be found one of the most interesting decorative schemes employed. The use of photo murals six feet high, made by Edward Steichen from actual aviation scenes photographed by him, give this room a unique character and make it one of historic significance. 

R-K-O Roxy's men's smoking room.

Men’s smoking room in the basement of the R-K-O Roxy. Photo from NYPL Digital Collections.

Comfortable chairs and sofas upholstered in a greenish-blue leather show wood frames of unusual colors. Sucupira wood (a South American oak) has been combined with a padouk of vermillion mahogany to lend color to this room, dominated by the black-and-white photo murals. The room boasts three large black ebony columns with a low wainscot of yuba wood from California. 

Men's Smoking Room

1932 Irving Browning photo of the Men’s Smoking room off the Grand Lounge. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

Men's Smoking Room

Men’s Smoking room in the basement of the R-K-O Roxy, 1932. Photo by Irving Browning. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

 

The Upper Mezzanine Lounges

Second Mezzanine Lounge

Second Mezzanie Lounge showing part of Hugo Gellert’s mural. Photo by Irving Browning. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society. 

Second mezzanine lounge, R-K-O Roxy, 1932.

R-K-O Roxy, second mezzanine lounge. Mural by Hugo Gellert 1932. Photo from NYPL Digital Collections

 

Silver papering has been used for the basis of the wall treatments of the the upper lounges and stairways and corridors which connect them.  A relationship between walls  and floors has been achieved by the application of various colored glazes which carry out the general color schemes of the rooms and carpeting. 

 

Second mezzanine ladies' powder room.

Second mezzanine ladies’ powder room, R-K-O Roxy. Image from the Motion Picture Herald, January 14, 1933.

                                                                            

 

The walls of the ladies’ powder room are covered with a French Rodier fabric of modern design woven in tans and blues. There are four double dressing tables in the room done in blue with large circular mirrors. There are lamps on all the dressing tables. The furniture is covered in burnt-orange serge silk. There is a chaise lounge covered in satin, and down-cushioned stools similarly covered. There is a table of a combination of metal and glass, of a design and construction never used before.

 

Third Mezzanine Lounge, R-K-O Roxy.

Third mezzanine lounge, R-K-O Roxy, 1932. Image from NYPL Digital Collections.

 

 

The walls of the third floor lounge are done in silver, matted down. The room is modern in design. Ash trays with bakelite tops are attached to the sides of chairs. The furniture is made of rare woods from all over the world – Australian black wood from Australia, and coco-bola from Central America. The materials are all hand woven by the Frank Studios. Rose and wine tones against a silver background provide the color scheme.

 

A harmonizing wall glaze is the setting for a series of unique decorations in vermillion entitled ‘Footprints in the Sands of Time’, which commemorate the exploits of the most daring individuals of the twentieth century. Variety December 20, 1932, pg. 121

Muybridge panel of the "Footprints in the Sands of Time", R-K-O Roxy.

R-K-O Roxy third mezzanine lounge, “Footprints in the Sands of Time” Eadweard Muybridge panel, 1932. Image from NYPL Digital Collections.

 

Third floor mezzanine, Edison & Marconi panels.

Thomas Edison & Guglielmo Marconi panels, third mezzanine, R-K-O Roxy. Image from NYPL Digital Collections.

 

These modenistic, stylized panels also celebrated the achievements of Charles Lindbergh and Admiral Richard Bryd. Inspired by S. L (Roxy) Rothafel and designed by Schoen were presented as an inspiration to youth.

 

Third mezzanine lounge. 1932

Another view of the third mezzanine lounge, R-K-O Roxy, 1932. Image from NYPL Digital Collections.

 

The Auditorium

R-K-O Roxy auditorium, 1932.

R-K-O Roxy auditorium, November, 1932. Samuel H. Gottscho photo from the Library of Congress.

Early plans for the R-K-O Roxy’s auditorium call for telescoping side walls, making it look like a smaller version of the Radio City Music Hall. By early 1932 the design changed to smooth walls and a flat ceiling. The only common design element that remained between the Music Hall and the new Roxy were the three shallow balconies. Originally the auditorium seated 3,510 between curved, ribbed mahogany veneered walls that rose to a height of 65 feet. The curved walls gave an intimacy to the very large space. The use of the mahogany (adhered to a steel backing to make it fireproof) maintained the warm red, brown and beige color scheme of the interior design.

 

Rear and side of the auditorium, 1932.

View of the rear and side of the R-K-O Roxy auditorium. Image from The Motion Picture Herald, December 31, 1932.

West side of the auditorium

R-K-O Roxy west side of the auditorium detail, 1932. Irving Browning photo. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

 

This was the first theatre auditorium made entirely of wood. The rear and side walls (the acoustic wall) had a covering in a linen crash of plaid on a scale large enough to match the size of the theatre. Created by a fabric company in Czechoslovakia the wall covering of brown, yellow and orange was a striking backdrop for the auditorium. Set in front of the back and side walls the round support pillars covered in a vermillion leather, matched those of the foyer.

Rear Orchestra

Rear Orchestra detail. Irving Browning Photo, 1932. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

Water Fountain detail

R-K-O Roxy water fountain in the rear of the orchestra. 1932 photo by Irving Browning. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

Rear Orchestra detail

Another view of the rear of the orchestra, with water fountain in background, 1932. Irving Browning photo. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

 

R-K-O Roxy seating and carpet.

R-K-O Roxy auditorium seating and carpet. Image from The Motion Picture Herald, November 19, 1932.

The more than 3,500 seats covered in a light terra-cotta velour with black edge piping complemented the auditorium carpeting of light and dark terra-cotta with black and white accents. To make the program easier to read during the show all the orchestra seats backs came equipped with small, push button lights.

 

Orchestra seating and organ console cove

Orchestra seating and organ console cove, 1932. Photo by Irving Browning. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

First Mezzanine

First mezzanine showing the striking lighting design, 1932. Irving Browning photo. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

 

R-K-O Roxy auditorium in November, 1932.

R-K-O Roxy ceiling, chandelier, organ grill and stage opening. Samuel H. Gottscho photo, November, 1932. MCNY.org

A champagne-colored chenille curtain covered the enormous stage opening occupying the an entire wall. But one feature dominated the auditorium, Variety reported on December 30, 1932:

Largest Chandelier in World

In the auditorium the illumination is obtained principally through the giant chandelier weighing six and half tons, the largest single lighting fixture in the world. It is in three inverted tiers, measures 30 feet in diameter, and is complex in structure. A corps of workmen can enter it through the special room that leads to it near the roof of the building. Wired in four colors of amber, red, green and blue on four controls, it is possible through this central source of illumination to achieve any possible combination of light.

Concealed in the fixture are hundreds of 200-watt floodlight lamps with four dimmer controls. These floodlights serve to throw colored lights onto the ceiling, from whence the light is re-directed to light the auditorium. 

Further, the chandelier contains thirty-six 2,000 watt spotlights. These spotlights serve to illuminate in colors the musicians on the orchestra platform, the foreground of the stage or apron, and the curtain above and below the proscenium. 

On each side of the stage are the organ grills, covered with a scrim, and, like the chandelier system, provided with four colors – green, amber, red and blue.

R-K-O Roxy ceiling and chandelier. 192

Stage curtain, organ grills (built into the mahogany walls) ornamental ceiling and the chandelier. Samuel H. Gottshco photo, November, 1932. MCNY.org

 

Ceiling and Chandelier detail.

Chandelier and ceiling detail. Motion Picture Herald, January 14, 1933.

 

Created by the lighting firm of Cox, Nostrand and Gunnison, the chandelier’s 400 floodlights produced so much heat, it required its own ventilating system.

 

The New York Times described the ceiling surrounding the chandelier in the article Roxy’s New Theatre, December 25, 1932:

The ceiling twinkles with what seem to be hundreds of tiny stars, and the decorations of the ceiling are symbolic figures in half relief. Rene P. Chambellan, the sculptor, worked with the Italian sculptor Cronozio Meldarelli, who was brought from Italy for this commission, on the figures of the mythological divinities and creatures. The figures, says Mr. Chambellan, symbolize the forces of love, enjoyment, sport, play and freedom. It is possible for the casual observer to identify members of the old mythology – Akteon, Narcissus, Diana and Phoebus, together with birds, griffins and sundry other creatures.

Chandelier and ceiling detail

R-K-O Roxy Chandelier and Ceiling detail. 1932 Irving Browning photo. Image from Getty Images/New York Historical Society.

R-K-O Roxy auditorium and ceiling from the stage.

R-K-O Roxy ceiling and auditorium from the stage. Samuel H. Gottscho photo, November, 1932. MCNY.org

Opening Night

Advertisement from Variety for the R-K-O Roxy's opening night.

Variety advertisement announcing the opening night of the R-K-O Roxy, December 27, 1932.

 

On December 29, 1932 the new showcase of the R-K-O theatre chain opened to the public. The opening night audience was a who’s who of New York society, business and show business.

Motion Picture Herald, January 7, 1933

R-K-O Roxy opening night notables. Motion Picture Herald, January 7, 1933

Major Bowes and wife at the opening of the R-K-O Roxy.

Major Edward Bowes of the Capitol Theatre and later of the radio amateur hour and wife in the foyer at the opening. Getty Images.

At the helm of the R-K-O Roxy as well the Radio City Music Hall, Samuel L. “Roxy” Rothafel had reached the zenith of his career. The new Roxy proved to be the perfect setting for the moving picture stage show policy he successfully repeated in theatre after theatre for over twenty years. The R-K-O Roxy would have a continuous show policy, running from morning till midnight at popular prices. For the inaugural program The Animal Kingdom (R-K-O Radio Pictures, 1932) would be the main attraction. A special Cubby the Bear cartoon,  Opening Night (Van Beuren, 1932), spoofing the new Roxy also appeared on the bill. The rest of the performance included a newsreel and live acts.

 

 

The R-K-O Roxy’s film and stage show policy was a smash hit, unlike “Roxy’s” attempt to bring back “High Class” two a day vaudeville at the Radio City Music Hall. While the new Roxy was bringing in money to Rockefeller Center, the Music Hall was hemorrhaging it, with a $180,000 loss in its first two weeks.

RKO Roxy Marquee Detail

R-K-O Roxy marquee detail during the run of the R-K-O Radio Picture The Animal Kingdom, 1932. Image from Getty Images.

The Music Hall was too big to fail. The successful movie / stage show format would be transferred to the larger theatre one block north. This change impacted the R-K-O Roxy so drastically that it eventually destroyed the theatre.

Click Here For Part 1

Click Here For Part 3

Anthony & Chris (The Freakin’, Tiquen’ Guys)

 

If you liked this post check out these earlier posts:

Vanished New York City Art Deco: The R-K-O Roxy / Center Theatre. Part 1 Construction

Modernist Textiles of Radio City Music Hall

Happy Birthday Radio City Music Hall

Happy Birthday Radio City Music Hall

6th Avenue & 50th Street

6th Avenue & 50th Street

Eighty two years ago today, December 27th, 1932, the Radio City Music Hall opened it’s doors. Originally named the International Music Hall, but changed, before it opened, to honor Rockefeller Center’s largest tenant, NBC, which would move to the RCA Building directly across the street a few months after the Music Hall opened; and like NBC the Music Hall was also owned by an RCA subsidiary, RKO. This was the largest theatre in the RKO chain. Managed by famed theatrical impresario Samuel Rothafel (1882 – 1936), better known as Roxy, had a string of successes in New York City movie theatre presentations, starting with the Regent at St. Nicholas Avenue and West 116th in 1913.  In 1931 he  Rockefeller Center Corporation hired him to helm the two huge theatres they were building, the Radio City Music Hall and the smaller and now demolished RKO Roxy Theatre.

 

The southern facade of the Music Hall, showing the Hildreth Meiere Medallions "Dance" and "Drama".

The southern facade of the Music Hall, showing the Hildreth Meiere Medallions “Dance” and “Drama”.

In Roxy’s plans for the two theatres the RKO Roxy was the movie stage show theatre, while the Music Hall would be high-class two a day Vaudeville. It was a cold and rainy opening night and the theatre was still half empty at the scheduled curtain time of 8:15. Roxy held the curtain till just before 9:00 when the massive show started. A show that included Ray Bolger, Weber and Fields, De Wolf Hopper, A Ballet Corp, the Roxyettes (later rechristened as the Rockettes), and many others and songs by Dorothy Fields and Jimmy McHugh and Harry Ravel and Mack Gordon. By intermission it was very obvious that something was wrong and the show was running very late. By the time the curtain came down on the second act it was almost one in the morning. More than half the audience had left long before the end of the show and Roxy collapsed and had to be carried from the theatre on a stretcher.

 

While theatre itself was an artistic triumph with interiors created by one of the top industrial designers of the time Donald Deskey (1894 – 1989), the vaudeville policy was not. The theatre was just too massive for the intimacy necessary for successful vaudeville. While recuperating in the hospital, Roxy was removed as the artistic director of the Music Hall and the new management instituted the movie stage show policy that was a proven success. On January 11, 1933 The Bitter Tea of General Yen, would be the first film shown in the Music Hall. And movies and stage shows would continue in the theatre for the next 45 years.

 

With the end of the movie stage show policy in April of 1978, it was announced that the Radio City Music Hall would be demolished. Luckily at the eleventh hour the theatre was rescued from destruction and became a special events venue. It hosts everything from rock concerts, to the Tony Awards and of course the Christmas Spectacular. A restoration in 2000 brought back many details and furnishings that had been removed or altered over the years. Already restored were the Meiere medallions, the story of their creation and restoration is at art conservator, Steve Tatti’s, blog – click here to read the story. If you have never been in the Radio City Music Hall, make sure to take a tour the next time you are in New York City.

Chris & Anthony (The Freakin’ Tiquen’ Guys)

 

 

The southern facade of the Music Hall, showing the Hildreth Meiere Medallions "Drama" and "Song".

The southern facade of the Music Hall, showing the Hildreth Meiere Medallions “Drama” and “Song”.